Week 6

Old St. Peters
-A very typical 14th century church- was early Christian
-The “Old Basilica” was famous for being where the tomb of St. Peters is
-Had a timber pitched roof and a quite small apse
-Winds shifted the building almost 8 feet from its original location
-Summer 1505- Julius the II and Bramante decided to rebuild it
-For both what really mattered was the symbolism of the building
-The original idea was for a centrally planned building but the Latin cross was imposed on Bramante by the clergy
-Wanted the church to be a martyrium

St. Peter's, Rome, Plans,
Donato Bramante
Ink on Parchment
15th to 19th century



Bramante’s successor was Raphael 
-Raphael Was a relative of Bramante and took over as Capital Maestro till 1520 his death

-He had no experience as an architect and was recommended by Bromante because he was a great painter("The New Professionalism in the Renaissance" Wilkinson p.145)
>>>>>St. Peter's, Rome, Plan, from Serlio's "Five books of Architecture" Raphael
-This is significant in showing the confidence Italy had at this time in the genius of an artist
-Had extremely good relations with the papal court and was brought in by the Court of Urbino
-he introduced a second order in the area of the chapel windows and made the central section of the portico as wide as the whole dome
-Raphael made a Latin cross plan for the church
-Due to his lack of experience building on such a large scale he designed piers that were inadequate to support the weight put on them


Peruzzi joined Raphael
-Peruzzi's designs went back to the centralized plan
-revised the exterior into three pavilions with alternating pediments, the central one is triangular
-neither Raphael or Peruzzi did much actual construction
-Peruzzi died in 1536

After Raphaels death Antonio da Sangallo takes over

<<<Model for St. Peters, Rome 1539
-he had the most long lasting affect on st. peters
-began to redesign the building as a whole and repair damages from neglect
-made a longitudinally planned church
-had a wooden model- with a more shallow drum and higher lantern than Bramante's design
-he put the majority of his energy into the building of the model
-had a new shape of dome like a beehive
-also had bigger towers and a huge entry and columns on every story
-his greatest contribution was the widening of the nave through the addition of Cappelle Maggiori ("St. Peter's: The Early History" Frommel, p.419)
-died: 1546

Michelangelo succeeded Sangallo
-intent was to return to a Bramantesque form
-he took down walls put up by Sangallo and strengthened and simplified them
-made the church more centralized and connected it to the nave of old St. Peters
-had the same amount of stories but Michelangelo used monumental orders
-with pillars on the projecting (salient) parts and larger bays with curved windows on other parts
-significant because michelangelo thinks more organically about buildings like he does about the human form
-used a double shell dome(Brunelleschi)
-made it a Latin cross shape and he designed a slightly pointed dome which would be adopted by builders after his death
-he made a very detailed model so as it could be plainly seen how the dome would work

Villa Farnesina -1509-11
By- Peruzzi, Baldassare
Location- near the Tiber in Rome
-Is an early example of the villa type with a central block and projecting wings
-Is a U-shape, is a Villa Surbana
-The upper frieze has cherubs and swags with small attic windows between them
-The patron was the Sienese banker Agostino Chigi
-Significant because the ground story has a piano noble- unlike other palaces
-Peruzzi also painted the Sala delle Prospettive, a painting that gives the illusion of another room overlooking Rome
-Raphael did the paintings in the stable and guesthouse
-did garden painting in the loggia(called Loggia di Psyche) in 1518 which gave a sense of continuity b/w actual and painted architecture and gave an erotic atmosphere
-called the Triumph of Galatea painted 1512-1514


Palazzo Massimi- began 1532/35
By- Baldassare Peruzzi
Location- Rome
-Regarded as an example of Early Mannerism
-Two separate palaces for the two brothers built on a very irregular site
-The façade of the Palazzo Pietro Massimi contains mannerist elements
-Has a heavy basement with a piano noble and attic floors above it separated by a strongly marked cornice
-Columns have been moved down to the ground floor and rustication runs the whole height of the building
-Is strictly symmetrical
-The rusticated wall above the band at one third of the height, this section is separated into three by the large windows of the piano noble and then by two rows of attic windows that are identical in size- giving the building an uncomfortable air about it
-Main courts of both palaces were designed as a Roman atrium
-The lower order has pierced vaulting above it, a trick of perspective making the two floors seem visually equal
-The first floor loggia is richly decorated
-a normal piano nobile is not read, also there is column spacing that is wider at the center
>>>Palazzo Massimi alle Colonne



Palazzo Farnese 1517- 1564
By- Antonio da Sangallo the younger
Built for Cardinal Farnese who later became Paul III
-By far the largest and most magnificent of all Roman Princely Palaces
-A vast cliff-like block nearly 100 ft high and 200 ft long
-The great crowning cornice was designed by Michelangelo and completed most of the palace immediately following Antonio’s death
-Main façade is similar to the Palazzo Pitti in Florence
>>>>Farnese Palace, Rome, Facade
Antonio Da Sangallo the Younger and Michelangelo, 1517-64
-Its texture is obtained partly by rusticated quoins at the angles which diminish upwards by the arrangement of the windows
-The floors are separated by horizontal cornices and bands of stone above the window balconies at the level of the base of the small columns which frame each of the window openings
-Michelangelo contributed the large crowning cornice(very classical) and made the third story higher and also included the main window which appears to be pushed down by the Farnese Arms above it and pushed deeper into the surface of the wall
-The entrance to the palace is a single arch which leads to an impressive entrance tunnel(heavy classicism) due to Antonio
-would establish the next major building type a double piano noble
-the upper piano noble has triangular pedimented frames w/ arched windows
-for the cornice a competition was held b/w sangallo and other competitors... Michelangelo won
-Michelangelo increased the height of the building and completed the 3rd story of the inney courtyard
-inner courtyard used piers and arches and engaged columns
-the issue of a corner was solved

Pope Leo the 10th
-Leo X with cardinals Guilio de Medici and Luigi de Rossi
Creator: Raphael
-loved art and was a patron who spent too much on it and was a great supporter of raphael
-Cardinal Gulio roganized many of the popes projects